Variable expansion bash

Variable expansion bash. $ echo ${ARGUMENT+x} x. This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the current source until a line containing only delimiter (with no trailing blanks) is seen. Example: All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. That is not what is desired. Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of parameter as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the value of parameter itself. The full desired expanded Jan 30, 2019 · Your last example does not have a command in which any argument is expanded from a variable. The command is executed: echo "". NOTE: This "other variable" can be the same or another variable. To declare a variable as an indexed array variable. I don't want the pipes to be interpreted, nor I don't want to spawn any side processes, like when expanding a line with $( rm -r /). Section 8. Jan 6, 2012 · But it is more helpful for the debugging and to read a script. I see that in Bash > 4. This has the "${var@Q}" expansion which quotes the variable such that it can be parsed back by bash. When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied are pushed onto BASH_ARGV . Environment variable expansion has been discussed extensively in this group. Command substitution strips trailing newlines (there's one), and echo adds one back. K. Brace Expansion in Bash Shell. declare -a foo[1] # exactly same as declare -a foo foo=([1]=bar [5]=baar foo fooo) These commands are separated commands. set -o noglob. Jul 30, 2018 · But, this is a more complicated scenario with surrounding text and multiple uses of the variable that needs to be expanded. If not set, Bash attempts to preserve what the user typed. The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and filename expansion. If parameter is a nameref, this expands to the name of the variable referenced Oct 23, 2017 · Let's try in a shell : $ echo ${ARGUMENT+x} $ ARGUMENT=123. and maybe more. incr]}, where x and y are either integers or single characters, and incr, an optional increment Jul 30, 2015 · Shell variables are not expanded within single quotes. You can simply store the name of the variable in an indirection variable, not unlike a C pointer. Share. All values undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see Shell Parameter Expansion). Method 1. Expanding bash vars with spaces as arguments to bash function in scripts. Bash then has a syntax for reading the aliased variable: $ {!name} expands to the value of the variable whose name is the value of the variable name. I need a solution that works for both Mac and Linux and doesn't have other side effects. If you step back a bit, you can see why variable substitution absolutely should retain quotes. Hot Network Questions Jan 23, 2020 · Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of parameter as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the value of parameter itself. msh: Dec 12, 2023 · EXPLANATION. When you create variables in Bash, any variable that is not an environment variable is considered your own. May 21, 2012 · In my case, I needed to substitute in a file's content to replace the variable name. The shall retain its special meaning introducing parameter expansion [], a form of command substitution Jun 26, 2021 · Bash: stop variable expansion for function argument. echo ${variable,,} Reading the man page I really don't get why the shell is converting the string to lowercase. In this case, you don't really want to inject the the var1 shell variable in the jq expression without first encoding it as a JSON string though, which is what you do with the --arg option to the utility: Aug 15, 2021 · (1) Thanks for banging on the “you should almost always double-quote the expansion the double-quotes keep word-splitting and wildcard expansion from doing anything weird” drum. will switch off expansion in the invoking shell, but you'd have to do that before you invoke your program. nano: Opens a file in the Nano text editor. 3 Parameter Expansion Note in particular the fact that words of unquoted parameters are not automatically split on whitespace unless the option SH_WORD_SPLIT is set; see references to this option below for more details. Aug 9, 2013 · If value is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. msh and the shell would automatically expand the variables. Tilde Expansion: Expansion of the ~ character. I now have a similar problem in bash, but cannot figure out how "delayed expansion" (if that's even what Oct 6, 2015 · This is variable expansion and works like this (notice this is only bash and ksh specific and will not work in a POSIX shell): $ {var:pos} means that the variable var is expanded, starting from offset pos. Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional preamble , followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or Jan 13, 2015 · Just use 'EOF' to prevent the variable from expanding: sudo /bin/su -c "cat << 'EOF' > /etc/init. Check bash parameter expansion. There are two types of an array in bash: indexed array (zero-based index) and associative array (arbitrary index). Update2: Your script must be invoked directly and not as bash /path/to/script. I know that variable expansion is very deeply woven into the bash. It's good to be not over-cautious and use {} for shell variable expansion even when there is no scope for ambiguity. If your shell does not support indirect expansion shown above, use eval instead: MY_FIRST_ENV_VAR=R1. I have a variable in my bash script whose value is something like this: ~/a/b/c Note that it is unexpanded tilde. This simplifies this answer to: echo "Failed: foo: " "${mycmd[@]@Q}" This will correctly handle single quotes in an argument, which my earlier version did Mar 27, 2011 · Brace expansion in bash does not expand parameters (unlike zsh) You can get around this through the use of eval and command substitution $() eval is evil because you need to sanitize your input otherwise people can enter ranges like rm -rf /; and eval will run that; Don't use the function keyword, it is not POSIX and has been deprecated Oct 7, 2016 · System Info OS: OS X bash: GNU bash, version 3. ) For the duration of this command, x is set to the value 1. 1 Brace Expansion. 3. The point of quotes in a Unix/Linux/BSD shell is to keep pieces of a string together that would otherwise get parsed as multiple strings. . Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $, `, \, and, when history expansion is enabled, !. Oct 29, 2018 · 4 Answers. Sep 23, 2021 · These are only some of the ways you can use variables inside of Bash. In fact, all Bash variables are just strings of characters. : In answer to your first question, there's no parameter substitution because you've put the delimiter in quotes - the bash manual says: The format of here-documents is: <<[-]word here-document delimiter No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on word. But I have parsed data and assigned it to a variable and would like to then evaluate it for if there is a variable within it. 46(2)-release, the options complete_fullquote and noquote aren't available. Declaration. /mytry. $ {var:pos:len} means that the variable var is expanded, starting from offset pos with length len. Re-enable with shopt -s direxpand. This changes the contents of the readline editing buffer. Jun 30, 2016 · My question is, can you get the variable to expand correctly, e. Using Variable Expansion. Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated. read -p "Enter the second integer: " num2. foo[1]=bar. I say this because there are a lot of references here that will all have opposing opinions and it can become very confusing especially for people that are used to the newer languages and Jan 23, 2024 · Then it sets the value of the variable “text” to “Bash Scripting”. Passing directory from command line to shell script. The exceptions to this are the expansions of $ {!prefix*} and $ {!name Feb 22, 2023 · Any number or string value or list of values (numeric or associative array) can be stored using a variable in bash. To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string ‘$ {’ is not Feb 10, 2019 · 2. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. If you entered "~/mytry. There is no workaround because the variable is expanded by the shell before your script is launched, so your script never sees the variable, only the variable's contents. echo "$(tail -n 1 ~/. See the section on Substring removal on the parameter expansion page of the bash-hackers' wiki: ${PARAMETER#PATTERN} and ${PARAMETER##PATTERN} This form is to remove the described pattern trying to match it from the beginning of the string. declare -a foo. Tab complete still works but just isn't as customizable. You don't pass variable values to commands; you let the shell expand the parameter (according to very specific rules), and the result of that expansion is the value (or values) that the command receives as arguments. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to PATH, MAILPATH, and CDPATH , and the shell assigns the expanded value. For example: echo "Hello, $ {name}!" This script will output “Hello, John Doe!”. Got any questions with how the above examples worked, or something just not working right? Feel free to leave any of it in the comment section below. @kos It's not worth mentioning, because Jan 21, 2013 · Now if this were a shell script I could run it as $ sh Text_File. Otherwise, the value of parameter is substituted. If you need compatibility with Bourne shells, check the man page on the It's impossible with your script to make a variable expansion expand to an empty string. The OP asked if nested expansion is possible in bash, and basically you answer (which is correct): No, you need to have to expand expression one into a temporary variable and then use the second expression on that variable. – Mar 3, 2022 · A HereDoc is a multiline string or a file literal for sending input streams to other commands and programs. The cdable_vars option works on cd only; direxpand expands the variable. A "Variable expansion") to be an umbrella term for several unrelated operations in shell-scripting in general and in Bash in particular, such as: Variable substitution. Field splitting shall be performed on the portions of the fields generated by step 1, unless IFS is null. Globbing a variable of a particular scope. The format is to type the name, the equals sign =, and the value. It give information on the 'complete' function, among other things. Using cuonglm's solution from a different question: Other things like parameter and command expansion (the sorts of thing signaled by a $) still happen. HereDocs are especially useful when redirecting multiple commands at once, which helps make Bash scripts neater and easier to understand. So the braces are still braces when the variable is expanded in your original, but when the variable instead contains pathname elements, they have already been expanded when the pathname expansion gets done. Parameter expansion involves what it says on the box: it takes the variable or expression within the braces and expands it to whatever it represents. Feb 19, 2022 · No. Hello - I have a bash script which does some logging, and I'd like to include the line number of the echo statement that pipes Bash: Nested variable expansion. Importantly, the difference between these methods is that we interpret or interpolate certain combinations of characters in one context and take them literally in another. Feb 28, 2013 · done. Check current status with shopt direxpand (or all options with shopt ). The expansion is performed by the shell before your program is run. sh file. 3 Double-Quotes. Importantly, paths in variables don't expand and remain as variables after hitting tab. It then uses parameter expansion to create two new variables task and shell by extracting substrings “Scripting” and “Bash” using the syntax ${text:5} and ${text:0:4} respectively. My Sep 14, 2012 · This is on a current (year 2016) version of Bash, via Slackware 14. 2. But, unless IFS is set to something weird, your concern is a little misplaced here — if the pathname (in the file) contains whitespace, your print $3 Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately following a ‘: ’ or the first ‘ = ’. These variables are Feb 26, 2019 · Parameter expansion. – Christian Herenz. Parameter expansion is a strong feature in Bash that is used for a brief validation of variables i. Oct 17, 2013 · The main purpose of brace expansion is to expand to a list of tokens with each token having an optional prefix and/or postfix; brace expansions must be unquoted and come in 2 flavors: a fixed series (list) of comma-separated strings - variables supported. Tried echo and print. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: Brace Expansion: Expansion of expressions within braces. If the expression is invalid, Bash prints Jan 4, 2024 · Boolean variables: Bash doesn’t have a dedicated boolean data type, but you can use variables to represent true/false values. If set, Bash replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing filename completion. Tried single and double quotes. So what does your $1 actually do? Separate from aliases, in bash, $0 expands to the first thing typed to being the script or shell you are in (the command). Using a “pointer” variable. For example, the comma-separated list inside the curly braces of the following command expands to three different words. R2. Jul 31, 2011 · The POSIX specification for the shell says: The order of word expansion shall be as follows: Tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion shall be performed, beginning to end. Mar 18, 2024 · In Bash, the text is stored as strings. SET someVar = !inputVar[%%A]! ) The brackets are merely for clarity. " echo "username0 = ${username0-`whoami`}" # Will not echo. – ilkkachu. In Bash, parameter expansion is a feature that allows you to manipulate the value of a variable or to extract part of its value using a special syntax. This guide shows you how to use parameter expansion modifiers to transform Bash shell variables for your scripting Nov 11, 2017 · I understand the term "Parameter expansion" (A. If you follow the link in the accepted answer, you'll see that brace expansion ({}) happens before command substitution ($()), which is why your approach cannot work (in Bash, as tagged; it would work in Ksh and Zsh, but there you can use variables directly in brace expansions anyway, so you'd just use start=3 end Feb 11, 2024 · 2. Sep 5, 2015 · The argument against this answer, by the way, is that foo="" (like its i18n-enabled equivalent foo=$"") assigns a different value than foo=$'' does. #!/bin/bash # param-sub. 0. Finally, it prints a message, “I love Scripting in Bash” using these variables. Aug 30, 2017 · Unix-like systems without a POSIX shell are extremely rare nowadays. It has a command provided as a quoted string. Bash performs variable expansion and command substitution on the enclosed expression before its evaluation. Pattern nesting is, however, supported in other shells. The list that needs to be expanded must be put with curly “ {} ” braces. A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma. Curly braces are always needed for accessing array elements and carrying out brace expansion. sh. For example. I've searched everywhere. x=1 echo "" (or x=2 echo "", etc. sh: Name of the file. Consult the bash man page for details. echo "${BASH_SOURCE[0]} ${*}" Echoing (the script's, or any other comand's) history using. which is definitely more readable. What is desired is that there are (at least) two variables: A and B. 5. So we do not use shopt -s direxpand because this doesn't exist on the Mac. 1. # Prompt the user to enter the second number. The alternative is to quote your arguments e. Variable expansion in string refers to the process of replacing the variables with their In bash, {} expansion happens before $ expansion, so I don't think there's any other way to do this other than using eval or some other trick to cause two passes through the expression. sh" you will see the full path (because the shell will have expanded ~). Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into token s. Enclosing characters in double-quotes ( "") shall preserve the literal value of all characters within the double-quotes, with the exception of the characters backquote, <dollar-sign>, and <backslash>, as follows: $. You can write this with this form too : ${ARGUMENT:+x} It have a special meaning with :, it test that variable is empty or unset. This mechanism is similar to filename expansion (see Filename Expansion ), but the filenames generated need not exist. A is a string with spaces, and B contains other arguments. Since by default a shell uses whitespace as a token separator, a string with spaces (like "one two three") if Dec 12, 2023 · 1. You can force expansion via eval like this May 1, 2015 · bash (versions 3. specifies and expands to a fixed number of tokens (2 or more); e. Nov 20, 2017 · Assign a temporary value to variable x. I have a pretty long and evil PS1, that I want to work out the size of after expansion. To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string "${" is not considered eligible for brace expansion. A sequence expression takes the form {x. Whether $0 does include a path or not depends on how you ran the script in the first place. In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed. Jul 16, 2011 · 14. Apr 26, 2017 · On GNU bash, version 4. They all seem to recursively expand variables encountered in arithmetic expansion (and numeric contexts in [[resulting from using the numeric Feb 18, 2012 · Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. 33(1)-release from debian unstable) as well as ksh (Version AJM 93t+ 2010-06-21 from CentOS 5) all seem to go one step farther then that however. Brace expansion is done before variable expansion, but variable expansion is done before pathname expansion. Giving a variable a value is often referred to as assigning a value to the variable. According to the Bash documentation, for all such expansions: May 11, 2012 · 3. *}")" You should use double quotes around every expansion, otherwise you run into trouble if you have spaces in the variable values. Note there isn't a space before or after the equals sign. You can define variables in bash without using the `declare` command or by using the `declare` command where the data type is declared at the time of declaration. 4 has been released. NOTE: This form also works, ${parameter-word}. , print "/home//bash_file" and "/expanded/variable/path"? Yes you can use envsubst program , that substitutes the values of environment variables: Mar 12, 2019 · This is an extension of the question I asked . May 18, 2015 · My workaround is this: sudo yum remove bash-completion. This article teaches you the basics of using HereDoc notation and some typical use cases. However, there is a simple solution: variables are not expanded inside single quotes, so if you want to pass the variable as a string, and not as its value, just quote it: Jul 4, 2013 · man bash: Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of each character within the quotes. 25(1)-release from CentOS 5 and 4. sh # Whether a variable has been declared #+ affects triggering of the default option #+ even if the variable is null. 5 Shell Expansions. bash_history)" shows script invocation without variable expansions, as desired, however not for the running script (only for scripts completed). y [. You can use it for manipulating and expanding variables on demands without using external commands such as perl, python, sed or awk. Bash does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. 4. echo ${month[3]} Here the braces {} are not being used as apart of a sequence builder, but as a way of generating parameter expansion. An unquoted variable expansion undergoes the “expand+split+glob” process: Take the value of the variable, which is a string. Line splitting in case of 2 or more values in the same line. Output: R1. Brace expansion is a Bash expansion that allows users to generate arbitrary strings. $ {!varName} is known as indirect expansion and allows you to expand the variable called varName. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. bash brace expansion based on variable content not working. Brace expansion into a single argument. It looked something like this: FOR /L %%A in (1,1,10) DO (. e. createfiles. Expand variable inside Oct 12, 2021 · Echoing script invocation with expanded variables can be achieved with. Sep 20, 2016 · It's possible to do this without either bash arrays or eval: This is one of the few places where the behavior of xargs without either -0 or -d extensions (a behavior which mostly creates bugs) is actually useful. What I want to do is have shell expand these variables and then create a new file as Text_File_expanded. An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current bash execution call stack. Execute the command. I have a script which writes another script using a heredoc. To do so I have to remove a bunch of escape sequences I stuff into it. Split the string at whitespace (more generally, at characters that are present in the value of the IFS variable). Oct 20, 2012 · Edit: Almost 5 years later and since I answered this question, bash 4. The final parameter of the last subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is at the bottom. Nov 20, 2020 · Bash does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. They are usually direct, single-quoted, or double-quoted sequences. – mattdm Feb 21, 2011 at 4:14 3. Aug 12, 2023 · Here, we'll create five variables. my content my content. Your program has no clue as to whether expansion has occurred or not. See full list on guide. Dec 15, 2011 · Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of parameter as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the value of parameter itself. sh or source foo. Alternatively, copy the following script. awk solution. It's probable you meant this command to be two instructions: assign a value to x, output its value. Bash’s arithmetic expansion can be used to perform simple integer arithmetic operations, and uses the syntax $ ( (EXPRESSION)). That prints the following literal: {3. username0= echo "username0 has been declared, but is set to null. Press CTRL+O and ENTER to save the file; CTRL+X to exit. For example: Jun 13, 2017 · Storing a value in a variable is only useful if we recall that value later; in Bash, substituting a parameter reference with its value is called expansion. Aug 5, 2023 · T he $ character is used for parameter expansion, arithmetic expansion and command substitution. read -p "Enter the first integer: " num1. $1 is the first argument (or second thing typed). This is known as indirect expansion. . Shell Parameter Expansion: How Bash expands variables to their values. I tried playing with bash's eval, but could not get this expansion to happen in one command line and without introducing additional variables, basically as an expansion of the code segment above. Copy the following scripts and paste them into nano. g. If the variable has its integer attribute set, then value is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the Nov 25, 2014 · To make it more useful, I'd like to send the variable-expanded version of the line. 5}, which is clearly not the intent. Bash parameter expansion or parameter expansion is defined by the Apr 9, 2012 · Bash is a hack that ended up being used well beyond what its designs considered. It is strictly textual. 2. /bin/sh is a non-POSIX Bourne shell on a few systems, notably Solaris, but a POSIX shell is available ( /usr/xpg4/bin/sh on Solaris, and you should have /usr/xpg4/bin ahead of /usr/bin in your PATH). Jan 29, 2019 at 19:48. For example isTrue=true, isFalse=false. Jun 8, 2009 · No previous answer used a bash regex Here's a pure bash solution that splits a path into: The directory path, with its trailing / when present The regex that discards the trailing / is so much longer that I didn't post it; The filename, excluding the (last) dot extension; The (last) dot extension, with its leading . Feb 18, 2009 · bash - delay expansion of variable. Creating Your Own Variables in Bash Scripting. As @sid-m 's answer states, you need to change the order of the two expansions because one of them (the % stuff) can only be applied to variables (by giving their name): echo "$(basename "${var%. But I can't find a bash-only way to keep the pattern and throw the rest. So you get. If you do quote the command substitution, on the other hand, then echo "$ (seq 1 10)" and seq 1 10 have exactly the same output. I will then replace the variable with a wildcard and search for the file. The syntax for parameter expansion practiced in empty variable validation is ${variable-}. Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into tokens. When enclosed within $ ( ()), arithmetic expressions are evaluated by Bash and then replaced with their results. Let’s take a look at the methods of string interpolation: 1. academy Jun 21, 2023 · Introduction. If you executed ". It is often used to modify the value of a variable or to extract information from it. 3. Jul 23, 2012 · Update: Since you want path relative to the script's location on the filesystem, use this instead: export SRC_DIR=`dirname $0`. envsubst requires that the content be exported as environment variables and bash has a problem when exporting environment variables that are more than a megabyte or so. Basically, I used a for loop and delayed expansion to set variables as the for loop iterated through an array. The following table shows how Bash I am trying to do some searching and replacing on a variable using the ${VAR//search/replace} parameter expansion. 7 looks like it would be the place to start. I know there are solutions using sed, awk, or grep, but I want to know if there is a reasonably efficient bash-only solution that I am overlooking? 11. I want to expand only shell variables. Feb 11, 2024 · Here Four simplest methods have been shown to interpolate the string which includes variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and curly bracket. sh" that's what you will see in $0. Single-quotation marks are more draconian. What worked best for me was: shopt -u progcomp It worked on other commands, besides cd, preserving the variables instead of expanding them. Thus, if the printf is only there for demonstrative purposes, the practice suggested here is not in fact a substitute for the $'' quoting style given in the question (failing to fulfil its primary use case of allowing newlines and other Jan 10, 2024 · To perform the multiplication of two integer numbers using arithmetic expansion, check the bash script: #!/bin/bash. Another part of the solution (# within ${}) is here: In fact, aliases in bash do not accept arguments, they merely replace the alias text with the stuff in quotes that you assigned it. excerpt ${parameter:-word} If parameter is unset or null, the expansion of word is substituted. bash. MY_SECOND_ENV_VAR=R2. But if you want that, you could just use seq -w ' ' 1 10. # Prompt the user to enter the first number. 57(1)-release (x86_64-apple-darwin16) Background I want time machine to exclude a set of directories and files from all my git/nodejs project. The use of $ {} is optional when using simple variable names, but it is good practice to include it for clarity and consistency. Paste the script in a text editor and save it as . Oct 8, 2021 · It's not really a black art; the problem is that too many people assume that shell parameters behave like variables, when they are really more like macros. Feb 12, 2016 · Bash: Arithmetic expansion, parameter expansion, and the comma operator 1 How to echo an exclamation point without the backslash in the output to prevent expansion Apr 22, 2023 · The most basic form of parameter expansion is to simply use {variable} to reference the value of a variable. You can find various more ways to interact with variables inside of Bash's documentation on variable expansion. Quote removal is performed after all the other expansions. 96, please,\" said the cashier". d/my-script # ^ ^ contents go here EOF From man bash: Here Documents. msh as follows: Text_File_expanded. whether it is empty or not. Add a shebang line, add execute permissions and invoke the script directly. We'll create four string variables and one numeric variable, my_name=Dave. There are better ways to do things but there is no "correct / secure way". Sep 19, 2008 · The Bash Reference Manual has more information than you might want on expansion errata. Employing Parameter Expansion to Check if a Variable is Empty or Not. 0 variable expansion is used to lowercase a variable. And of course if you want a literal double-quote inside double-quotes, you have to backslash it: reply="\"That'll be \$4. Dec 27, 2012 · Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of parameter as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the value of parameter itself. Jul 7, 2021 · I can remove a pattern in a bash variable using ${variable##pattern} (leading) or ${variable%%pattern} (trailing). Getting back to. To expand a parameter, simply precede the name with the $ character, optionally enclosing the name in braces: $ echo $variable_1 ${variable_1} . The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below (see Shell Arithmetic). fa kd ko eb yu qy sk lw pn es